DEVICES Linux Commands
console (4) - console terminal and virtual consoles
console_codes (4) - Linux console escape and control sequences
fd (4) - floppy disk device
fifo (4) - first-in first-out special file, named pipe
full (4) - always-full device
hd (4) - MFM/IDE hard disk devices
initrd (4) - boot-loader initialized RAM disk
ipfw (4) - IP firewall and accounting
ipfw_chains (4) - IP firewall
lp (4) - line printer devices
mem (4) - system memory, kernel memory and system ports
mouse (4) - serial mouse interface
null (4) - data sink
ram (4) - ram disk device
random (4) - kernel random-number source devices
sd (4) - driver for SCSI disk drives
tty (4) - controlling terminal
ttys (4) - serial terminal lines
urandom (4) - weaker kernel random-number source device
________________________________________
GENERAL FILE FORMATS
american-english (5) - a list of American English words
charmap (5) - character symbols to define character encodings
english (5) - a list of English words
info (5) - readable online documentation
ispell (5) - format of ispell(1) dictionaries and affix files
magic (5) - file(1)'s magic number file
pdmenurc (5) - menu definitions file for pdmenu(1)
texinfo (5) - software documentation system
________________________________________
TTY- AND CONSOLE-RELATED FILE FORMATS
fb.modes (5) - framebuffer modes file
keymaps (5) - keyboard table descriptions
securetty (5) - file which lists ttys from which root can log in
term (5) - format of compiled term file
terminfo (5) - terminal capability database
________________________________________
PROGRAMMING FILE FORMATS
cvs (5) - Concurrent Versions System support files
locale (5) - locale(7) definition file
rcsfile (5) - format of RCS file
________________________________________
BOOT-CONTROL FILE FORMATS
initscript (5) - script that executes inittab commands
inittab (5) - format of the init process' inittab file
issue (5) - pre-login message and identification file
lilo.conf (5) - configuration file for lilo(8)
login.defs (5) - login configuration
motd (5) - message of the day
rc.boot (5) - directory for local or per-package boot scripts
rcS (5) - defaults used at boot time
________________________________________
PROCESS-CONTROL FILE FORMATS
anacrontab (5) - configuration file for anacron(8)
crontab (5) - tables for driving cron
proc (5) - process information pseudo-filesystem
________________________________________
FILESYSTEM-CONTROL FILE FORMATS
fstab (5) - static information about the filesystems
suid.conf (5) - config file for files and dirs with special perms
________________________________________
USER-ACCOUNT ADMINISTRATION FILE FORMATS
at.allow (5) - file determining who can submit at(1) jobs
at.deny (5) - file determining who cannot submit at(1) jobs
group (5) - user group file
nologin (5) - file to prevent non-root users from logging in
passwd (5) - the password file
shadow (5) - encrypted password file
shells (5) - pathnames of valid login shells
sudoers (5) - list of which users may execute what
super.tab (5) - database of restricted commands for super(1)
utmp (5) - login records
________________________________________
KERNEL-INTERFACE FILE FORMATS
acct (5) - execution accounting file
modules (5) - kernel modules to load at boot time
modules.conf (5) - configuration file for loading kernel modules
sysctl.conf (5) - sysctl(8) preload/configuration file
________________________________________
DEBIAN FILE FORMATS
apt.conf (5) - configuration file for apt(8)
deb (5) - Debian GNU/Linux binary package format
deb-control (5) - Debian GNU/Linux pkgs' master control file format
kernel-package (5) - (a system for creating kernel-related packages)
menufile (5) - entry in the Debian menu system
sources.list (5) - package resource list for apt(8)
syslog.conf (5) - syslogd(8) configuration file
________________________________________
OTHER SYSTEM-CONFIGURATION FILE FORMATS
manpath (5) - format of the /etc/manpath.config file
tzfile (5) - time zone information
________________________________________
NETWORKING FILE FORMATS
ethers (5) - ethernet address to IP number database
gateways (5) - file which lists gateways for routed(8)
host.conf (5) - resolver configuration file
hosts (5) - the static table lookup for host names
hosts_access (5) - format of host access control files
hosts_options (5) - host access control language extensions
inetd.conf (5) - internet servers database
interfaces (5) - network intrface config for ifup(8) and ifdown(8)
ipc (5) - (System V interprocess communication mechanisms)
issue.net (5) - identification file for telnet sessions
protocols (5) - the protocols-definition file
resolver (5) - resolver configuration file
rsyncd.conf (5) - configuration file for rsync server
services (5) - internet network services list
xferlog (5) - FTP server logfile
________________________________________
E-MAIL FILE FORMATS
mailcap.order (5) - the mailcap MIME ordering specifications
muttrc (5) - configuratn file for the mutt(1) mail user agent
procmailex (5) - procmail(1) rcfile examples
procmailrc (5) - procmail(1) rcfile
procmailsc (5) - procmail(1) weighted scoring technique
uuencode (5) - format of an encoded uuencode(1) file
________________________________________
PRINTSERVICE CONFIGURATION FILE FORMATS
papersize (5) - the preferred paper size
printcap (5) - printer capability database
________________________________________
IMAGE FORMATS
pbm (5) - portable bitmap file format
pgm (5) - portable graymap file format
png (5) - Portable Network Graphics (PNG) format
pnm (5) - portable anymap file format
ppm (5) - portable pixmap file format
________________________________________
X-CONFIGURATION FILE FORMATS
XF86Config (5x) - configuration file for XFree86
Xsession.options - configuration options for X sessions
xfs.options (5x) - configuration options for X font server
________________________________________
SYSTEM CONVENTIONS AND MISCELLANY
bootparam (7) - intro to boot-time parameters of the Linux kernel
environ (7) - user environment
signal (7) - list of available signals
unix (7) - sockets for local interprocess communication
________________________________________
CHARACTER-SET CONVENTIONS AND MISCELLANY
ascii (7) - the ascii character set in octal, decimal, & hex
charsets (7) - programmer's view of character sets and i18n
iso_8859-1 (7) - ISO 8859-1 character set in octal, decimal & hex
latin1 (7) - (see iso_8859-1(7))
locale (7) - description of multi-language support
unicode (7) - the unified 16-bit super character set
utf-8 (7) - an ASCII compatible multibyte unicode encoding
________________________________________
GROFF CONVENTIONS AND MISCELLANY
groff_char (7) - groff character names
groff_man (7) - groff 'an' macros to generate man pages
groff_mdoc (7) - quick reference guide for the -mdoc macro package
groff_mdoc.samples - tutorial sampler for writing manuals with -mdoc
groff_me (7) - troff macros for formatting papers
groff_mm (7) - groff mm macros
groff_ms (7) - groff ms macros
groff_msafer (7) - groff -msafer macros
man (7) - macros to format man pages
________________________________________
OTHER CONVENTIONS AND MISCELLANY
dist (7) - introduction to dist
glob (7) - globbing pathnames
hier (7) - description of the file system hierarchy
libggi (7) - user-space graphics library
pcre (7) - perl-compatible regular expressions
regex (7) - POSIX 1003.2 regular expressions
suffixes (7) - list of file suffixes
term (7) - conventions for naming terminal types
________________________________________
NETWORK CONVENTIONS AND MISCELLANY
icmp (7) - Linux IPv4 ICMP kernel module
ip (7) - Linux IPv4 protocol implementation
mailaddr (7) - mail addressing description
netdevice (7) - low-level access to Linux network devices
packet (7) - packet interface on device level
raw (7) - Linux IPv4 raw sockets
socket (7) - Linux socket interface
tcp (7) - TCP protocol
udp (7) - UDP protocol on top of IPv4
uri (7) - uniform resource identifier (URI), incl URL/N
________________________________________
BOOT CONTROL
dmesg (8) - print or control the kernel ring buffer
getty (8) - open tty, prompt for login, and invoke /bin/login
halt (8) - stop the system
init (8) - initialize process control
lilo (8) - install boot loader
lsdev (8) - display information about installed hardware
pnpdump (8) - dump ISA plug-and-play devices resource info
poweroff (8) - stop the system and power down
reboot (8) - stop the system and reboot
runlevel (8) - find the current and previous system runlevel
setserial (8) - get/set Linux serial-port information
shutdown (8) - bring the system down
sulogin (8) - login(1) in single-user mode
telinit (8) - signal init(8)
update-rc.d (8) - install & remove System-V style init script links
________________________________________
PROCESS CONTROL
accton (8) - turn process accounting on or off
ipcrm (8) - remove the specified IPC resources
ipcs (8) - provide information on IPC facilities
killall5 (8) - send a signal to all processes
pidof (8) - find the process ID of a running program
sa (8) - summarize accounting information
setsid (8) - run a program in a new session
________________________________________
FILESYSTEM CONTROL
dump (8) - back an ext2 filesystem up
e2fsck (8) - check a Linux second extended file system
fdisk (8) - manipulate a partition table interactively
lsof (8) - list open files
mke2fs (8) - create a Linux second extended file system
mkisofs (8) - create a iso9660 filesystem
mklost+found (8) - create a lost+found dir on a mounted filesystem
mkswap (8) - set up a Linux swap area
mount (8) - mount a file system
restore (8) - restore files or file systems from dump backups
sfdisk (8) - manipulate a partition table
swapon (8) - enable/disable devs & files for paging & swapping
tune2fs (8) - adjust tunable parameters on ext2 filesystems
umount (8) - unmount a file system
________________________________________
USER-ACCOUNT ADMINISTRATION
addgroup (8) - add a group to the system
adduser (8) - add a user to the system
edquota (8) - edit user quotas
groupadd (8) - create a new group (addgroup(8) is usu preferred)
groupdel (8) - delete a group
groupmod (8) - modify a group
lastlog (8) - examine users' last logins
newaliases (8) - update /etc/aliases database
quotacheck (8) - scan a file system for disk usages
quotaoff (8) - turn file system quotas on and off
quotaon (8) - turn file system quotas on and off
repquota (8) - summarize quotas for a file system
sac (8) - perform system accounting
sudo (8) - execute a command as another user
ttysnoop (8) - snoop on a user's tty
useradd (8) - create a new user (adduser(8) is usu preferred)
userdel (8) - delete a user account and related files
usermod (8) - modify a user account
________________________________________
KERNEL-MODULE CONTROL
depmod (8) - handle loadable-kernel-module dependency descrips
insmod (8) - install loadable kernel module
lsmod (8) - list loaded modules
rmmod (8) - unload loadable modules
modconf (8) - configure modules
modinfo (8) - display information about a kernel module
modprobe (8) - handle loadable modules in a high-level manner
________________________________________
KERNEL CONTROL
hwclock (8) - query and set the hardware clock (RTC)
lspci (8) - list all PCI devices
kbdrate (8) - reset the keyboard repeat rate and delay time
procinfo (8) - display system status gathered from /proc
rdev (8) - query/set rootflags, swapdev, ramsize or vidmode
sysctl (8) - configure kernel parameters at runtime
syslogd-listfiles - list system logfiles
vmstat (8) - report virtual memory statistics
________________________________________
CONSOLE CONTROL
consolechars (8) - load console font
getkeycodes (8) - print kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table
setkeycodes (8) - load kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table
________________________________________
OTHER ADMINISTRATIVE AND PRIVILEGED COMMANDS
MAKEDEV (8) - create devices
chroot (8) - run command or shell with special root directory
cleanup-info (8) - clean up the mess left by a bogus install-info
install-info (8) - create or update entry in Info directory
ld.so (8) - apply the dynamic linker/loader
logrotate (8) - rotate, compress and mail system logs
lpc (8) - control the line printer
magicfilter (8) - apply this automatic configurable printer filter
mandb (8) - create or update the manual-page index caches
run-parts (8) - run scripts or programs in a directory
savelog (8) - save a log file
start-stop-daemon - start and stop system daemon programs
tmpreaper (8) - remove files not accessed for a time
update-alternatives - maintain symlinks determining default commands
update-mime (8) - create or update MIME information
________________________________________
DEBIAN SOFTWARE PACKAGE MANAGEMENT
apt (8) - (Advanced Package Tool)
apt-get (8) - handle packages from the command line
cruft (8) - check the filesys for missing & unexplained files
dpkg (8) - manage Debian packages in a medium-level manner
dpkg-preconfigure - let packages ask questions prior to installation
dpkg-reconfigure (8) - reconfigure an already installed package
dselect (8) - run this console Debian package handling frontend
install-docs (8) - manage online Debian documentation
________________________________________
GENERAL DAEMONS
anacron (8) - run commands periodically
atd (8) - run jobs queued for later execution
cron (8) - daemon to execute scheduled commands
gpm (8) - run this virtual-console paste util & mouse servr
klogd (8) - kernel log daemon
logoutd (8) - enforce login time restrictions
lpd (8) - line printer spooler daemon
sysklogd (8) - Linux system logging utilities
________________________________________
NETWORK CONTROL
arp (8) - manipulate the system ARP cache
chat (8) - engage the modem in an automated conversation
fping (8) - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts
icmpinfo (8) - interpret ICMP messages
ifconfig (8) - configure a network interface
ifdown (8) - take a network interface down
ifup (8) - bring a network interface up
ipacset (8) - set kernel ip accounting rules
ipchains (8) - administer IP firewalls
ipchains-restore (8) - restore IP firewall chains from stdin
ipchains-save (8) - save IP firewall chains to stdout
ipfwadm (8) - administer and account for IP firewalls
netstat (8) - display network status
ping (8) - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts
route (8) - show / manipulate the IP routing table
slrnpull (8) - download news into slrn(1) news spool
sniffit (8) - monitor packets
tcpdump (8) - dump traffic on a network
traceroute (8) - print the route packets take to network host
________________________________________
NETWORK DAEMONS
apache (8) - run this HTTP server
bind (8) - (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain server)
exim (8) - run this mail-transfer agent
ftpd (8) - run the internet File Transfer Protocol server
identd (8) - TCP/IP ident protocol server
in.fingerd (8) - run this remote user-information server
in.talkd (8) - run this remote user-communication server
in.telnetd (8) - run the telnet-protocol server
inetd (8) - run the internet super-server
iplogger (8) - log incoming TCP and ICMP sessions
ipopd (8) - run the UW POP2 and POP3 servers
pppd (8) - run the Point-to-Point Protocol daemon
rinetd (8) - run the internet redirection server
routed (8) - run the network routing daemon
sshd (8) - run this secure shell daemon
stunnel (8) - universal SSL tunnel
tcpd (8) - use this access-control facility for intrnet svcs
tcplogd (8) - log incoming TCP sessions
________________________________________
HOW TO LEARN MORE ABOUT A SPECIFIC COMMAND
To learn more about a specific command, try
man command
info command (GNU commands and some others)
help command (bash(1) builtins)
command --help
command -h
command -?
command -help
locate command
whereis command
which command
man -a command
dpkg -S `which command`
dpkg -L `dpkg -S \`which command\` | sed -e 's/:.*//'`
ls -RC --co /usr/{share/,}doc/command*
ls -RC --co /usr/share/doc/HOWTO/en-txt
The ultimate way to learn all about any command, of course, is to read its source code. This is what GNU/Linux experts do when needed or desired. If you are not yet such an expert, yet would like someday to become one, why, to learn the commands in this Howto should set you well on your way.
HOW TO FIND OTHER COMMANDS
One may obtain at any time a more complete listing of available commands by
whatis -w '*'
info
help
echo $PATH
ls -RC --co /bin
ls -RC --co /usr/bin
ls -RC --co /usr/X11R6/bin
ls -RC --co /sbin
ls -RC --co /usr/sbin
manpath
ls -RC --co /usr/share/man/
ls -RC --co /usr/man
ls -RC --co /usr/X11R6/man/
ls -RC --co /usr/share/info/
ls -RC --co /usr/info/
and so forth. (If the output of any of the above commands scrolls off the screen, capture it by appending a " | less -r" to the command. For example, "whatis -w '*' | less -r". In `less', the, , and keys work as expected. To quit `less', press `q'.)
console (4) - console terminal and virtual consoles
console_codes (4) - Linux console escape and control sequences
fd (4) - floppy disk device
fifo (4) - first-in first-out special file, named pipe
full (4) - always-full device
hd (4) - MFM/IDE hard disk devices
initrd (4) - boot-loader initialized RAM disk
ipfw (4) - IP firewall and accounting
ipfw_chains (4) - IP firewall
lp (4) - line printer devices
mem (4) - system memory, kernel memory and system ports
mouse (4) - serial mouse interface
null (4) - data sink
ram (4) - ram disk device
random (4) - kernel random-number source devices
sd (4) - driver for SCSI disk drives
tty (4) - controlling terminal
ttys (4) - serial terminal lines
urandom (4) - weaker kernel random-number source device
________________________________________
GENERAL FILE FORMATS
american-english (5) - a list of American English words
charmap (5) - character symbols to define character encodings
english (5) - a list of English words
info (5) - readable online documentation
ispell (5) - format of ispell(1) dictionaries and affix files
magic (5) - file(1)'s magic number file
pdmenurc (5) - menu definitions file for pdmenu(1)
texinfo (5) - software documentation system
________________________________________
TTY- AND CONSOLE-RELATED FILE FORMATS
fb.modes (5) - framebuffer modes file
keymaps (5) - keyboard table descriptions
securetty (5) - file which lists ttys from which root can log in
term (5) - format of compiled term file
terminfo (5) - terminal capability database
________________________________________
PROGRAMMING FILE FORMATS
cvs (5) - Concurrent Versions System support files
locale (5) - locale(7) definition file
rcsfile (5) - format of RCS file
________________________________________
BOOT-CONTROL FILE FORMATS
initscript (5) - script that executes inittab commands
inittab (5) - format of the init process' inittab file
issue (5) - pre-login message and identification file
lilo.conf (5) - configuration file for lilo(8)
login.defs (5) - login configuration
motd (5) - message of the day
rc.boot (5) - directory for local or per-package boot scripts
rcS (5) - defaults used at boot time
________________________________________
PROCESS-CONTROL FILE FORMATS
anacrontab (5) - configuration file for anacron(8)
crontab (5) - tables for driving cron
proc (5) - process information pseudo-filesystem
________________________________________
FILESYSTEM-CONTROL FILE FORMATS
fstab (5) - static information about the filesystems
suid.conf (5) - config file for files and dirs with special perms
________________________________________
USER-ACCOUNT ADMINISTRATION FILE FORMATS
at.allow (5) - file determining who can submit at(1) jobs
at.deny (5) - file determining who cannot submit at(1) jobs
group (5) - user group file
nologin (5) - file to prevent non-root users from logging in
passwd (5) - the password file
shadow (5) - encrypted password file
shells (5) - pathnames of valid login shells
sudoers (5) - list of which users may execute what
super.tab (5) - database of restricted commands for super(1)
utmp (5) - login records
________________________________________
KERNEL-INTERFACE FILE FORMATS
acct (5) - execution accounting file
modules (5) - kernel modules to load at boot time
modules.conf (5) - configuration file for loading kernel modules
sysctl.conf (5) - sysctl(8) preload/configuration file
________________________________________
DEBIAN FILE FORMATS
apt.conf (5) - configuration file for apt(8)
deb (5) - Debian GNU/Linux binary package format
deb-control (5) - Debian GNU/Linux pkgs' master control file format
kernel-package (5) - (a system for creating kernel-related packages)
menufile (5) - entry in the Debian menu system
sources.list (5) - package resource list for apt(8)
syslog.conf (5) - syslogd(8) configuration file
________________________________________
OTHER SYSTEM-CONFIGURATION FILE FORMATS
manpath (5) - format of the /etc/manpath.config file
tzfile (5) - time zone information
________________________________________
NETWORKING FILE FORMATS
ethers (5) - ethernet address to IP number database
gateways (5) - file which lists gateways for routed(8)
host.conf (5) - resolver configuration file
hosts (5) - the static table lookup for host names
hosts_access (5) - format of host access control files
hosts_options (5) - host access control language extensions
inetd.conf (5) - internet servers database
interfaces (5) - network intrface config for ifup(8) and ifdown(8)
ipc (5) - (System V interprocess communication mechanisms)
issue.net (5) - identification file for telnet sessions
protocols (5) - the protocols-definition file
resolver (5) - resolver configuration file
rsyncd.conf (5) - configuration file for rsync server
services (5) - internet network services list
xferlog (5) - FTP server logfile
________________________________________
E-MAIL FILE FORMATS
mailcap.order (5) - the mailcap MIME ordering specifications
muttrc (5) - configuratn file for the mutt(1) mail user agent
procmailex (5) - procmail(1) rcfile examples
procmailrc (5) - procmail(1) rcfile
procmailsc (5) - procmail(1) weighted scoring technique
uuencode (5) - format of an encoded uuencode(1) file
________________________________________
PRINTSERVICE CONFIGURATION FILE FORMATS
papersize (5) - the preferred paper size
printcap (5) - printer capability database
________________________________________
IMAGE FORMATS
pbm (5) - portable bitmap file format
pgm (5) - portable graymap file format
png (5) - Portable Network Graphics (PNG) format
pnm (5) - portable anymap file format
ppm (5) - portable pixmap file format
________________________________________
X-CONFIGURATION FILE FORMATS
XF86Config (5x) - configuration file for XFree86
Xsession.options - configuration options for X sessions
xfs.options (5x) - configuration options for X font server
________________________________________
SYSTEM CONVENTIONS AND MISCELLANY
bootparam (7) - intro to boot-time parameters of the Linux kernel
environ (7) - user environment
signal (7) - list of available signals
unix (7) - sockets for local interprocess communication
________________________________________
CHARACTER-SET CONVENTIONS AND MISCELLANY
ascii (7) - the ascii character set in octal, decimal, & hex
charsets (7) - programmer's view of character sets and i18n
iso_8859-1 (7) - ISO 8859-1 character set in octal, decimal & hex
latin1 (7) - (see iso_8859-1(7))
locale (7) - description of multi-language support
unicode (7) - the unified 16-bit super character set
utf-8 (7) - an ASCII compatible multibyte unicode encoding
________________________________________
GROFF CONVENTIONS AND MISCELLANY
groff_char (7) - groff character names
groff_man (7) - groff 'an' macros to generate man pages
groff_mdoc (7) - quick reference guide for the -mdoc macro package
groff_mdoc.samples - tutorial sampler for writing manuals with -mdoc
groff_me (7) - troff macros for formatting papers
groff_mm (7) - groff mm macros
groff_ms (7) - groff ms macros
groff_msafer (7) - groff -msafer macros
man (7) - macros to format man pages
________________________________________
OTHER CONVENTIONS AND MISCELLANY
dist (7) - introduction to dist
glob (7) - globbing pathnames
hier (7) - description of the file system hierarchy
libggi (7) - user-space graphics library
pcre (7) - perl-compatible regular expressions
regex (7) - POSIX 1003.2 regular expressions
suffixes (7) - list of file suffixes
term (7) - conventions for naming terminal types
________________________________________
NETWORK CONVENTIONS AND MISCELLANY
icmp (7) - Linux IPv4 ICMP kernel module
ip (7) - Linux IPv4 protocol implementation
mailaddr (7) - mail addressing description
netdevice (7) - low-level access to Linux network devices
packet (7) - packet interface on device level
raw (7) - Linux IPv4 raw sockets
socket (7) - Linux socket interface
tcp (7) - TCP protocol
udp (7) - UDP protocol on top of IPv4
uri (7) - uniform resource identifier (URI), incl URL/N
________________________________________
BOOT CONTROL
dmesg (8) - print or control the kernel ring buffer
getty (8) - open tty, prompt for login, and invoke /bin/login
halt (8) - stop the system
init (8) - initialize process control
lilo (8) - install boot loader
lsdev (8) - display information about installed hardware
pnpdump (8) - dump ISA plug-and-play devices resource info
poweroff (8) - stop the system and power down
reboot (8) - stop the system and reboot
runlevel (8) - find the current and previous system runlevel
setserial (8) - get/set Linux serial-port information
shutdown (8) - bring the system down
sulogin (8) - login(1) in single-user mode
telinit (8) - signal init(8)
update-rc.d (8) - install & remove System-V style init script links
________________________________________
PROCESS CONTROL
accton (8) - turn process accounting on or off
ipcrm (8) - remove the specified IPC resources
ipcs (8) - provide information on IPC facilities
killall5 (8) - send a signal to all processes
pidof (8) - find the process ID of a running program
sa (8) - summarize accounting information
setsid (8) - run a program in a new session
________________________________________
FILESYSTEM CONTROL
dump (8) - back an ext2 filesystem up
e2fsck (8) - check a Linux second extended file system
fdisk (8) - manipulate a partition table interactively
lsof (8) - list open files
mke2fs (8) - create a Linux second extended file system
mkisofs (8) - create a iso9660 filesystem
mklost+found (8) - create a lost+found dir on a mounted filesystem
mkswap (8) - set up a Linux swap area
mount (8) - mount a file system
restore (8) - restore files or file systems from dump backups
sfdisk (8) - manipulate a partition table
swapon (8) - enable/disable devs & files for paging & swapping
tune2fs (8) - adjust tunable parameters on ext2 filesystems
umount (8) - unmount a file system
________________________________________
USER-ACCOUNT ADMINISTRATION
addgroup (8) - add a group to the system
adduser (8) - add a user to the system
edquota (8) - edit user quotas
groupadd (8) - create a new group (addgroup(8) is usu preferred)
groupdel (8) - delete a group
groupmod (8) - modify a group
lastlog (8) - examine users' last logins
newaliases (8) - update /etc/aliases database
quotacheck (8) - scan a file system for disk usages
quotaoff (8) - turn file system quotas on and off
quotaon (8) - turn file system quotas on and off
repquota (8) - summarize quotas for a file system
sac (8) - perform system accounting
sudo (8) - execute a command as another user
ttysnoop (8) - snoop on a user's tty
useradd (8) - create a new user (adduser(8) is usu preferred)
userdel (8) - delete a user account and related files
usermod (8) - modify a user account
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KERNEL-MODULE CONTROL
depmod (8) - handle loadable-kernel-module dependency descrips
insmod (8) - install loadable kernel module
lsmod (8) - list loaded modules
rmmod (8) - unload loadable modules
modconf (8) - configure modules
modinfo (8) - display information about a kernel module
modprobe (8) - handle loadable modules in a high-level manner
________________________________________
KERNEL CONTROL
hwclock (8) - query and set the hardware clock (RTC)
lspci (8) - list all PCI devices
kbdrate (8) - reset the keyboard repeat rate and delay time
procinfo (8) - display system status gathered from /proc
rdev (8) - query/set rootflags, swapdev, ramsize or vidmode
sysctl (8) - configure kernel parameters at runtime
syslogd-listfiles - list system logfiles
vmstat (8) - report virtual memory statistics
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CONSOLE CONTROL
consolechars (8) - load console font
getkeycodes (8) - print kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table
setkeycodes (8) - load kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table
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OTHER ADMINISTRATIVE AND PRIVILEGED COMMANDS
MAKEDEV (8) - create devices
chroot (8) - run command or shell with special root directory
cleanup-info (8) - clean up the mess left by a bogus install-info
install-info (8) - create or update entry in Info directory
ld.so (8) - apply the dynamic linker/loader
logrotate (8) - rotate, compress and mail system logs
lpc (8) - control the line printer
magicfilter (8) - apply this automatic configurable printer filter
mandb (8) - create or update the manual-page index caches
run-parts (8) - run scripts or programs in a directory
savelog (8) - save a log file
start-stop-daemon - start and stop system daemon programs
tmpreaper (8) - remove files not accessed for a time
update-alternatives - maintain symlinks determining default commands
update-mime (8) - create or update MIME information
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DEBIAN SOFTWARE PACKAGE MANAGEMENT
apt (8) - (Advanced Package Tool)
apt-get (8) - handle packages from the command line
cruft (8) - check the filesys for missing & unexplained files
dpkg (8) - manage Debian packages in a medium-level manner
dpkg-preconfigure - let packages ask questions prior to installation
dpkg-reconfigure (8) - reconfigure an already installed package
dselect (8) - run this console Debian package handling frontend
install-docs (8) - manage online Debian documentation
________________________________________
GENERAL DAEMONS
anacron (8) - run commands periodically
atd (8) - run jobs queued for later execution
cron (8) - daemon to execute scheduled commands
gpm (8) - run this virtual-console paste util & mouse servr
klogd (8) - kernel log daemon
logoutd (8) - enforce login time restrictions
lpd (8) - line printer spooler daemon
sysklogd (8) - Linux system logging utilities
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NETWORK CONTROL
arp (8) - manipulate the system ARP cache
chat (8) - engage the modem in an automated conversation
fping (8) - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts
icmpinfo (8) - interpret ICMP messages
ifconfig (8) - configure a network interface
ifdown (8) - take a network interface down
ifup (8) - bring a network interface up
ipacset (8) - set kernel ip accounting rules
ipchains (8) - administer IP firewalls
ipchains-restore (8) - restore IP firewall chains from stdin
ipchains-save (8) - save IP firewall chains to stdout
ipfwadm (8) - administer and account for IP firewalls
netstat (8) - display network status
ping (8) - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts
route (8) - show / manipulate the IP routing table
slrnpull (8) - download news into slrn(1) news spool
sniffit (8) - monitor packets
tcpdump (8) - dump traffic on a network
traceroute (8) - print the route packets take to network host
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NETWORK DAEMONS
apache (8) - run this HTTP server
bind (8) - (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain server)
exim (8) - run this mail-transfer agent
ftpd (8) - run the internet File Transfer Protocol server
identd (8) - TCP/IP ident protocol server
in.fingerd (8) - run this remote user-information server
in.talkd (8) - run this remote user-communication server
in.telnetd (8) - run the telnet-protocol server
inetd (8) - run the internet super-server
iplogger (8) - log incoming TCP and ICMP sessions
ipopd (8) - run the UW POP2 and POP3 servers
pppd (8) - run the Point-to-Point Protocol daemon
rinetd (8) - run the internet redirection server
routed (8) - run the network routing daemon
sshd (8) - run this secure shell daemon
stunnel (8) - universal SSL tunnel
tcpd (8) - use this access-control facility for intrnet svcs
tcplogd (8) - log incoming TCP sessions
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HOW TO LEARN MORE ABOUT A SPECIFIC COMMAND
To learn more about a specific command, try
man command
info command (GNU commands and some others)
help command (bash(1) builtins)
command --help
command -h
command -?
command -help
locate command
whereis command
which command
man -a command
dpkg -S `which command`
dpkg -L `dpkg -S \`which command\` | sed -e 's/:.*//'`
ls -RC --co /usr/{share/,}doc/command*
ls -RC --co /usr/share/doc/HOWTO/en-txt
The ultimate way to learn all about any command, of course, is to read its source code. This is what GNU/Linux experts do when needed or desired. If you are not yet such an expert, yet would like someday to become one, why, to learn the commands in this Howto should set you well on your way.
HOW TO FIND OTHER COMMANDS
One may obtain at any time a more complete listing of available commands by
whatis -w '*'
info
help
echo $PATH
ls -RC --co /bin
ls -RC --co /usr/bin
ls -RC --co /usr/X11R6/bin
ls -RC --co /sbin
ls -RC --co /usr/sbin
manpath
ls -RC --co /usr/share/man/
ls -RC --co /usr/man
ls -RC --co /usr/X11R6/man/
ls -RC --co /usr/share/info/
ls -RC --co /usr/info/
and so forth. (If the output of any of the above commands scrolls off the screen, capture it by appending a " | less -r" to the command. For example, "whatis -w '*' | less -r". In `less', the
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